INTRODUCTION and in Tanzania as throughout much of Africa is a primary asset for survival and a major source of income and livelihoods for the rural population. Δdocument.getElementById( "ak_js" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); You have entered an incorrect email address! At practical level, in developing countries like Tanzania, customary tenure has come to mean current land usage pattern whereby the force of law is given to users of land in their rights to access the land they are currently using. To address these challenges requires deliberate efforts by the state. In general, the term “conflict” can be explained as a situation of competition in which the parties are aware of the incompatibility of potential future positions and in which each party wishes to occupy a position which is incompatible with the … Land is critical for farming activities and for supporting livelihoods in Tanzania. Pp. In addition, it is important to note that lack of awareness of existence of land by-laws caused poor coordination and duplication of activities between formal and informal arrangements and finally resulted into double land allocation. The 1990’s Tanzania Land Laws Reforms and its Impact on the Pastoral Land Tenure. This book is a primer on causes of and solutions to such conflicts. It provides a foundational overview of the theory and practice of collaborative approaches to managing environmental disputes. Land is not only a source for livelihoods and valuable economic asset but also carries spiritual values with it. 4pp. About customary arrangements, the clan or elders are responsible to allocate land to the community members. An effective international ivory trade ban implemented by CITES in 1989 combined with improved wildlife management strategies, has … The United Nations is attempting to curb the illicit trade in small arms, and a more radical treaty to limit arms transfers is being promoted by non-governmental organisations such … Additionally, valued resources like oil, sand, precious metals, coal, wood, and … 0000003979 00000 n This is a ‘legal dualism’ system that had been in place since the colonial period and which shows challenges in its implementation through overlapping and duplication of activities. ), Land Law and Land Ownership in Africa Case Studies from Colonial and Contemporary Cameroun and Tanzania, Bayreuth, Germany, pp.81-112. Continuing the disregard for the interests of the African people in Tanganyika, as were the Germans, British Land tenure policy was developed so that Tanganyika was to be a source of raw materials for industries in Britain. We estimate the determinants of land conflicts and theirimpacts on input application in Kenya by using a recent survey of 899 ruralhouseholds. The four districts involved include Sumbawanga, Kalambo, Nkasi and Mpanda. In addition, one FGD was conducted in each village to collect information on land conflicts and land use management. Spouses normally perform most of the farming activities in rural Tanzania and are treated as labour producers 9. This guide is … In 1959, the British evicted all pastoralists from vast Serengeti for the purpose of establishing a national park. Much effort was put into setting-up and enforcing the land regulatory framework after World War II, particularly as Tanzanians started living in towns as workers in government establishments, manufacturing and transport industries, and in private trade activities. 2008). In the Great Lakes region of Africa, land is at the center of people’s livelihoods and identity. Statutory laws in Tanzania provide mandate to the village governments to manage and allocate the village land to community members. Consequently, the study was open, transparent and it was characterised by a learning process between the research team and the participants. Some land conflicts were related to land inheritance especially when some of those who inherited the family land wanted to sell it without consent of other family members. Under this Ordinance, 3, 5 million acres of fertile were alienated from Africans towards settler interests and ownership. Land conflicts are on the increase in many parts of Tanzania. iii. Expand/Close ; Do You Have Previously Written Sample Essays? Tanzania has approximately 21 million head of cattle, the largest in Africa after Ethiopia and Sudan. Hostilities reignited in 2008 and 2014 where eight and 10 people were killed respectively, several houses set alight and livestock stolen. Tanzania becomes the first east African country to fully pay its capital subscription in Shelter Afrique and now joins Morocco, Mali, Lesotho, Namibia, Togo and Zimbabwe as countries who have fully cleared all their capital arrears. Human-Elephant Conflict in Africa. 4 LAND, LIVELIHOODS AND IDENTITIES: INTER-COMMUNITY CONFLICTS IN EAST AFRICA … i. One of the leading causes of conflict in Kenya is when individuals clash over limited resources such as land and water. �/'[��@��w�R��I�qw/�~�j�L�L The districts were selected because human population is increasing rapidly in those areas due to a good climatic condition for crop production and livestock keeping relative to other parts in the country. Observers have noted that while conflicts in Tanzania, both rural and urban, are often expressed as a function of demographic and environmental pressures, ethnic conflicts, and conflicting land use, the root causes of rural land disputes and conflicts include policy deficiencies and contradictions, insecurity of land tenure, inadequacy of capacity of the local institutions, corrupt … %%EOF Working with Pastoralist NGOs and Land Conflicts in Tanzania: A Report on a Workshop in Terrat, Tanzania, 11th-15th December, 1994. Thus, out of the goals they pursue the laws yield different results in relation to land conflict management. Land Conflict and Genocide in Rwanda Karol Boudreaux* * Karol Boudreaux is a senior research fellow at the Mercatus Center, lead researcher for Enterprise Africa!, and a member of the Working Group on Property Rights of the U.N.’s Commission on Legal Empowerment of the Poor. 4 on the argument that there is legal discrimination of women on land issues and, above all, poor enforcement and definitely implementation statutory laws, especially in rural and remote areas, or among minority and indigenous groups. A fascinating study of the important role of biology in European expansion, from 900 to 1900. Green Economics. LAND BASED CONFLICT SITUATIONAL AND TRENDS ANALYSIS IN TANZANIA May 2016 IDC Ltd Another mechanism was the mounted operations by the United Nations the Africa union and other … Fauz, T., (1996), The Dilema of the Customary Landholder, The Conflicts between Customary and Statutory Rights of Occupancy in Tanzania, in Robert Debusmann etal.(eds. Olengurumwa, O.P.K. As such, every community member had a right to access and own the land. Within this framework, local governments have a role to play in the governance of land. Organization for Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa (OSSREA). Consequently, the capacity to reconcile between statutory and customary law emerges central to the major challenges already in place. 0000007958 00000 n The legacy of the Land Ordinance enacted under British Land policies in 1923 had serious effects on the way the people of Tanganyika had access to land including the following dispensations: Some of the terms of reference included the following: first, review of laws and policies concerning land allocation, tenure, use and development and to propose reforms on the same; second, to examine the nature of land disputes and conflicts in place and to propose measures for their resolution 3. All Land Conflict And Management In Africa: The Case Of Mt of our writers are retired Land Conflict And Management In Africa: The Case Of Mt university professors and have years of experience. May 22, 2006 . Focus in Land in Africa Brief: Tanzania. 0000002999 00000 n The dependence on agriculture reported, in this study, is higher than 66.9% of employment that agriculture provides at a national level 18. Formally, the village council and or village government is responsible for land allocation. Over the past twenty years Tanzania has largely been unaffected by major conflicts, with only a few minor incidents of post-election violence noted – particularly in semi-autonomous Zanzibar[3]. A considerable number also acquired land through purchase. Bradbury, M. Fisher, S. Lane, C. Metadata Show full item record. Qualitative data were collected through Focus Groups Discussions (FGDs) and key informant interviews by involving Local Government Officers. The Masai are pastoralists, while the WaArusha are farmers. EPINAV policy brief No. Y1 - 2011. 2007, EU Second Forum on Sustainable Rural Development in Africa 2007 etc. Some underlying factors, such as population pressure, 1 … Gender dimension consideration was substantial during selection of FGDs participants because different gender groups tend to exhibit different land interests. Here, Tsega Etefa compares three such cases—the Darfur conflict between Arabs and non-Arabs, the Gumuz and Oromo clashes in Western Oromia, and the Oromo-Pokomo conflict in the Tana Delta—in order to offer a fuller picture of how ethnic ... Similarly, the Land Policy of Tanzania recognizes that under customary land law, women generally have inferior land rights relative to men and their access to land is indirect and insecure. It encompasses colonial wars, wars of independence, secessionist and separatist conflicts, major episodes of national violence (riots, massacres, etc. serious resource-use conflict in Tanzania. Kabote, S.J., Nombo, C.I., Urassa, J.K., Mattee, A.Z., Mamiro, D.P and Masolwa, L.M (2016). Other methods of acquiring land were allocation by the village land committee, renting and borrowing. Those who support the poor, human rights and indigenous peoples are starting to alter conservation approaches (Igoe 2006). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Finally, the book identifies possible policy and programmatic responses and directions for policy dialogue at the national and international levels. T1 - Land inequality and conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa. Examines the new challenges facing Africa's pastoral drylands from large-scale investments and how this might affect the economic and political landscape for the regions affected and their peoples. This in turn, creates conflict between land users and those with traditional rights who at times are alienated from their land. Participants for FGDs were selected carefully among smallholder farmers by ensuring men and women representation and also representation from resource management committees especially land, forest and the environment in general. Therefore, the quotation from FGDs underscores the significance of supporting the informal institutions for capacity building and coordinated efforts with formal arrangements to successfully resolve land related conflicts. Lately, they have been playing a growing role, thanks to the … The study employed mixed methods to collect quantitative and qualitative data at a landscape level. This volume is not limited to events in Tanzania, but includes jurisprudence of land law of other countries in order to tap some interpretative devices of our own by way of analogies. The PROCASUR Corporation in Africa in collaboration with the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) have partnered with the International Land Coalition, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), the Land Portal Foundation and Resource Conflict Institute (RECONCILE) to present the Learning Initiative: Innovative practices and tools to reduce land use conflicts … The process of villagisation was legitimatized by the passage of the Village and Ujamaa Villages (Registration, Designation and Administration) Act24. Villagisation in Tanzania leads to the demarcation of communal range lands between villages which seriously disrupted pastoral land use. On one hand, this is true especially when it comes to resolving land conflicts whereby those possessing land through customary laws are subject to losing land either to the state itself as the central authority or to potential buyers for development purposes 13. (iv) The increased movement of large herds of livestock from traditional livestock keeping areas to low livestock population areas such as Mbeya, lringa, Morogoro, Rukwa and Ruvuma Regions, is creating land use conflicts in the receiving areas. The United Republic of Tanzania (URT) (1997), National Land Policy, 2. ii. But in Africa, the early uses of systematic land registration were in post-conflict situations where it was employed to solidify settlements of conflict: registration of mailo lands in Uganda after the Buganda War in the early 1900s; registration of lands along the Nile in the wake of the Sudan’s Mahdist Rebellion late in the 1800s; and registration of consolidated holdings in the … These land disputes and the weakening of land dispute resolution mechanisms, institutions and organisations have adversely affected the social, economic and political lives of the people of northern Ugandan in general and the Acholi sub-region in particular. National Five Year Development Plan 2016/17 to 2020/21. The high percentage of the household heads is attributed to timing of the survey that was conducted in May 2016. Land use conflict between pastoralists and farmers in Tanzania has existed for many years (Maghimbi et al., 2012). An existing situation about land conflict was assessed simultaneously among individuals in a well-defined representative sample of the population at one point in time. Four landscapes were involved in the survey including Sumbawanga-Mtowisa, Kasanga-Matai, Kate-Chala and Mwese-Mwamankulu-Sitalike. Environmental and Natural Resource Economics. This situation has resulted in numerous Sciences, Business, Management This is in line with Daley et al. Though the same existed even in the planned economy era 1961 to 1985, there has been an escalation of thesame since Tanzania opted for the.free market economy in the mid-1980s. I. It is clear that the efforts of formal and informal arrangements were not coordinated causing overlapping and duplication of the interventions. Investment in secure tenure is a direct investment in disaster recovery ability and resilience. The results however differed by landscapes with Kate-Chala showing highest response on this variable. This is likely to exacerbate land degradation and conflict between farmers and pastoralists or between farmer and a farmer. 46 No.2, pp.113-128. Tanzania: Wamacu General Meeting Deletes 275m/ - Dubious Debt (Daily News) Tanzania: 'Expand Science Outreach, Mentoring Programmes' (Daily News) … Noting a number of policy and legal framework challenges such as allocation of land to foreigners, government encroachment over village land, actions brought forward by former rights-holders and the place of women regarding land ownership in relation to customary law, different measures were suggested by the commission. The conference was part of a series of activities by ACTS seeking to improve knowledge on the links between natural resources and violent conflict. In resource-scarce East Africa, minority groups face major challenges over the control of and access to land and natural resources. The Cato Institute report went further, suggesting South Africa’s land reform “could also lead to a collapse of the banking sector”. Land Conflicts in Tanzania: Causes, Impacts, and Resolutions Judith R. Valerian *, Ntengua S.Y. Table 9 presents ways used to resolve land conflicts in the landscapes. The question of bribery at a local level has been reported in other studies as well. Examining land conflicts in Africa is a challenging task, as the contexts in which they take place are continuously changing, so altering the nature of the conflicts themselves. These land conflicts have caused harm to communities lives and animals, destruction of properties, insecurity, low productivity, accelerated food … Customary land acquisition arrangements that make use of village elders were also reported during FGDs throughout the landscapes. The land tenure system side-lined pastoral communities as their grazing lands became vulnerable to land invasions in favour of establishment or expansion of commercial farming, wildlife reserves or conservation schemes. This volume will be of interest to a wide audience including land specialists and practitioners, African policy makers, experts and managers in the international development community, and the academia. This book provides fresh insights into these issues, compiling selected pieces of analytical and empirical research presented at the World Bank's Fourth Urban Research Symposium on Urban Land Use and Land Markets, held in Washington, DC, ... These 16 papers and final recommendations provide up-to-date information and offer guidance on future wetlands development options. Experience … An example is drawn from the focus group discussions at China Village: We have been working on our farmlands from time immemorial through customary arrangements, but this investor has grabbed our land. Tanganyika was transformed into plantations, under this rule; peasants were forced into cheap labour to produce raw materials for overseas marketing. No title to the occupation and use of any public lands would be valid without the consent of the Governor Reports, American Journal of Public Health Common types Urban. In addition to formal institutional arrangements for land conflict management, there were informal institutional arrangements used to resolve land conflicts. Alternatively, for the purposes of agricultural statistics, the term often has a more precise definition: Arable land is the land under temporary agricultural crops (multiple-cropped areas are counted only once), temporary meadows for mowing or pasture, land under … The colonial government’s policies and programmes are the cause of Tanzania’s land question. (2010). conflict in Tanzania have often arrived at varied Village Land Council (VLC) and the Land and sometimes confusing conclusion. The study employed methodological triangulation of quantitative and qualitative techniques. Land hunger, shrinking farm sizes, and patterns of agricultural … Wanitzek, U and Sippel, H. (1998), Land Rights in Conservation Areas in Tanzania, Geojournal Vol. Fairley, E., (2012), Upholding Customary Land Rights through Formalization: Evidence from Tanzania’s Program of Land Reform, paper prepared for Presentation at Annual World Bank Conference on Land and Poverty, April 23-26, 2012, World Bank, Washington DC. Land disputes settlement mechanisms in Tanzania is provided under Land act49 and Village Land Act 50 .

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